Are Some Human Rights More Fundamental Than Others Philosophy Essay

Are Some Human Rights More Fundamental Than Others Philosophy Essay In general, its a very complicated question , whether we should consider some human rights more fundamental than the other ones and to follow this argument. Disagreements over this matter, whether certain human rights are more fundamental than another ones , have occurred over past decades between countries with different political ideologies. But, in any case, this argument shouldnt be accepted as abuse towards the other ones. This comes from the fact, that these more fundamental rights are the basis of human rights in general, also the basic for other less fundamental rights. However, each democratic republic should be based on the support of all kind of rights not making a distinction between them as more or less fundamental. In the scope of each person concerning this matter I think that it is to be a private concept. And each person , most likely each human being has dignity and value  [1]  . And one of the ways that we are able to recognize this fundamental worth is to acknowledge and to respect a persons human rights first of all. Human rights are concerned with equality and fairness. Its very necessary to recognize their freedom to make choices about their life and also develop their potential as human beings. They are about living a life free from fear, harassment or discrimination. Meanwhile , there is a number of basic rights that people from all over the world have agreed on, such as the right to life  [2]  , freedom from torture and other cruel and inhuman treatment  [3]  , rights to a fair trial  [4]  , free speech and freedom of religion  [5]  , rights to health, education and an adequate standard of living. These human rights , that are considered to be fundamental , are the same for all people everywhere male and female, young and old, rich and poor, regardless of their background where they live, what they think or what they believe in. So, this is the main reason that makes human rights universal and at the same time also fundamental. Among all these fundamental rights , there are some that have a description whether something is lawful or not: for example, some rights may be laid down in law. Consequently if one has a legal right to something , so he may be able to defend it in the court. Besides, in many situations rights exist but are not covered by law . In this case we deal with rights that are often called moral rights and are based on peoples sense of what is fair or just. In other words, we can say that these moral rights are also the part of fundamental human rights. For example, the freedom from torture and other cruel and inhuman treatment can mostly be covered as moral right. As we know, Human rights are not a new invention. The discussion of this idea can be traced back to the ancient civilizations of Babylon, China and India. However, a significant development of in Human rights took place in the 18th Century , during a time of revolution and emerging national identities. It was the American Declaration of Independence that was based on the understanding that certain rights, such as life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, were fundamental to all people. At that time indeed we can say, that just these rights could be considered as more fundamental. But at the same, having a look at this concept in the context of other rights, its obvious that all the rights should be considered as fundamental. I would like to mention, that by saying fundamental rights I mostly consider just these rights, too, in particular the right to life and liberty, because these are just the basis of other rights. Besides, the growth of totalitarian regimes in the 20th Century and the atrocities of World War 2 made the protection of Human rights an international priority. This was a significant opportunity to make an attempt in the sphere of developing a comprehensive statement of Human rights, which was finally made in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (The UDHR). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was unanimously adopted by the members of the United Nations (among those also the Republic of Armenia since 1995), on the 10th of December in 1948. Human rights, in general, cover every area of human life and activity. And thats the reason why we call them fundamental. They include civil and political rights, such as freedom of speech and freedom from torture. They also include social and cultural rights, such as the rights to health and education. Certain rights apply to individuals are known as individual rights. Others apply to groups of people, such as women and children: these are consequently called collective rights. This classification above is made in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Having a look at the UDHR, we can notice that the rights and freedoms are classified to three forms. They are : Civil and Political rights  [6]  : they attempt to safeguard the individual, alone and in association with others. Economic , cultural and social rights  [7]  : they require governments to help their citizens to participate fully in society , such as the right to work and education. Solidarity rights  [8]  : they reflect the emergence of developing countries and their call for a global redistribution of power and wealth. These rights include the right to political , social and cultural self-determination and the right to economic and social development. The classification to three forms of rights may itself cause a reasonable conflict in the matter, if which of the forms of rights is considered to be more fundamental than the other forms. In particular, its another question whether one of these forms of rights could take priority over the other ones. The main thing is that forms of rights , and accordingly the rights included in them are equally important for all human beings. And we should not say, that one of them must take priority over the others. The statistics shows that in recent decades there has been a tremendous growth in how we think about and apply human rights ideas. Thus, this has had a lot of positive results such as the knowledge about human rights, which can empower individuals and offer solutions for their specific problems. Besides, all kind of human rights should be considered as fundamental, as they have an important role in the sphere , where people interact with others at all levels in society in the family , schools, the workplace, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Therefore it is vital that people should strive to realize what human rights as fundamental rights are, and what kind of role they have in their life. This surely will help them to promote justice and the well-being of society. The main subject is that whether any rights are more fundamental than the others. The conclusions on this cant be unanimous, since disagreements over this have occurred over passed decades between countries with different political ideologies. These disagreements refer not to particular rights, but to the forms of rights (i.e. the classification of the rights), which is the same. However, over the last decade there finally has been a broad agreement between members of the United Nations, that human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. In other words, all rights are equally fundamental and important, necessary in creating a strong and healthy society. So, Im finally coming to the conclusion, that all rights are equally fundamental. We should not make a distinction between them, classifying them to more or less fundamental. All democratic republics, among which is also the Republic of Armenia, have asserted in their Constitutions , that a person , his dignity , fundamental rights and freedoms are higher values  [9]  . This also is fixed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In particular, it says, that All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood  [10]  . We should take into consideration, that the Declaration neither segregates any rights nor stresses the priority of other ones. This means nothing, but only that all rights are equally important and fundamental. This idea is persisted in our Constitution due to Republic, as he is the one, who is responsible for our rights and does his best to protect them. This is one of the main functions of our Republic the protection of our rights!

Audit plan †Accounts Receivable and Notes Receivable Audit Procedures Essay

1. Obtain an aged trial balance of individual customer accounts. Recalculate the total and trace to the general ledger control account. 2. Review the aging for large and unusual items. 3. Send confirmations to all accounts over $X. Select a random sample of all remaining accounts for confirmation. a.i.1.a.i.1.a. Investigate exceptions reported by customers. a.i.1.a.i.1.b. Perform alternative procedures on accounts that do not respond to positive confirmation requests. a.i.1.a.i.1.b.i. Vouch cash receipts after the confirmation date for subsequent payment. a.i.1.a.i.1.b.ii. Vouch sales invoices and shipping documents. 4. Evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. a. Vouch a sample of current amounts in the aged trial balance to sales invoices to determine whether amounts aged current should be aged past due. b. Compare the current-year write-off experience to the prior-year allowance. c. Vouch cash receipts after the balance sheet date for collections on past-due accounts. d. Obtain financial statements or credit reports and discuss with the credit manager collections on large past-due accounts. e. Calculate an allowance estimate using prior relations of write-offs and sales, taking under consideration current economic events. Notes Receivable 5. Review the bank confirmations, loan agreements, and minutes of the board for indications of pledged, discounted, or assigned receivables. 6. Inspect or obtain confirmation of notes receivable. 7. Recalculate interest income and trace to the income account. 8. Obtain written client representations regarding pledge, discount, or assignment of receivables, and about receivables from officers, directors, affiliates, or other related parties. 9. Review the adequacy of control over recording of all charges to customers (completeness)-audited in the sales transaction test of controls audit plan.

New World of Business

The article â€Å"Knowledge Management for the New World of Business† by Yogesh Malhotra discusses the importance of changes, information technologies and innovations as the main drives of business success. The author shows that attitudes towards knowledge management have been changed and nowadays knowledge management offers new ideas and concepts how to make business successful, innovative and, what is more important, socially responsible.The paper is retrieved from online database through search engines. Despite the paper is online source, the author offers well-supported, well-structured and well-organized study of world business in terms of knowledge management. Further, the paper is directly related with knowledge management filed as the author discusses the importance of knowledge, innovations, information technologies and changes which are known to be key components of knowledge management field. (Malhotra 1998)Malhotra says that today is the era of information technolo gies being associated with knowledge. The author argues that knowledge is critical source in business activity as it drives company either to success or complete failure.   New technologies as, for example, intranets, data-mining, web-casting and video-conferencing, offer new ways of meeting business challenges in knowledge era. Moreover, information technologies are encouraged by press trade. As a result, information technologies positively contribute business performance. For example, intranets and networks are effective in increasing inherent capabilities to facilitate knowledge management. (Malhotra 1998)Business is experiencing transition from the era of competitive advantage to the era of knowledge creation. Earlier business was characterized by low levels of changes and innovations. However, â€Å"the new world of knowledge-based industries is distinguished by its emphasis on precognition and adaptation in contrast to the traditional emphasis on optimization based on predi ction†. (Malhotra 1998) The author argues that knowledge-based business world is characterized by re-definition and re-evaluation of organizational objectives, goals, and missions. Simply saying, the business re-shapes the way of arranging things.Business environment is motivated by radical changes and innovations which â€Å"overwhelm the traditional organizational response of predicting and reacting based on pre-programmed heuristics†. (Malhotra 1998) Modern business world requires anticipatory response, and demands flexibility and resurfacing of old assumptions. Modern world tends not play following predictable rules – instead, it tends to change these rules and to keep changing. As result, new types of organizations have emerged: business ecosystems and virtual corporations. (Malhotra 1998)The author offers his own definition of knowledge management for a new business world and stresses that new definition should go beyond quick and predictable views of many others. Instead, definition should move executives, managers and common employees to think strategically and critically about the purpose of knowledge management. Malhotra says that knowledge managements is critical to organizational adaptation and survival as it drives and monitors environmental changes.Knowledge management â€Å"embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies, and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings†. (Malhotra 1998) Nevertheless, one problem exists as there is confusion between the terms ‘knowledge’ and ‘information’. The author claims that these notions are distinct entities as information is generated by computer systems and human interpretation of actions, whereas knowledge is of subjective nature.Malhotra recommends business managers to realize that knowledge is imbedded in them and the process of knowledge acquiring is social interactions. It is emphasized that knowledge creation depends solely on human beings as computers are only tools with information-gathering capabilities. New world of business is defined as wicked environment which requires interpretations of information and knowledge. (Malhotra 1998)One more positive moment in the article is that the author offers recommendations how to incorporate knowledge management in business activities. Firstly, it is necessary to refuse to control employees and their behaviors through setting predictable and pre-defined objectives and procedures. Instead, it would be better to create organization being capable of constructing diverse meanings. Secondly, the author recommends re-evaluating companies ideas how to arrange things and practices. Executive managers should consider dynamically changing business environment, as well as external and internal threats.   Thirdly, it is effective to invest in â€Å"multiple and diverse interpretations to ena ble constructive conflict mode of inquiry and, thus, lessen oversimplification of issues or premature decision closure†. (Malhotra 1998)Summing up, new business world offers new opportunities of success and knowledge plays crucial role in this process. New strategies are to encourage human imagination and creativity to promote internal diversity and to meet the needs and demands of the wicked environment.   Knowledge management makes companies and organizations re-think and re-evaluate their goals and practices, as well as use the power of knowledge in finding new ways of improving business performance. (Malhotra 1998)Works CitedMalhotra, Yogesh. 1998. Knowledge Management for the New World of Business. Available at http://www.brint.com/km/whatis.htm.   Accessed March 15, 2008. New World of Business The article â€Å"Knowledge Management for the New World of Business† by Yogesh Malhotra discusses the importance of changes, information technologies and innovations as the main drives of business success. The author shows that attitudes towards knowledge management have been changed and nowadays knowledge management offers new ideas and concepts how to make business successful, innovative and, what is more important, socially responsible. The paper is retrieved from online database through search engines. Despite the paper is online source, the author offers well-supported, well-structured and well-organized study of world business in terms of knowledge management. Further, the paper is directly related with knowledge management filed as the author discusses the importance of knowledge, innovations, information technologies and changes which are known to be key components of knowledge management field. (Malhotra 1998)Malhotra says that today is the era of information technol ogies being associated with knowledge. The author argues that knowledge is critical source in business activity as it drives company either to success or complete failure.   New technologies as, for example, intranets, data-mining, web-casting and video-conferencing, offer new ways of meeting business challenges in knowledge era. Moreover, information technologies are encouraged by press trade. As a result, information technologies positively contribute business performance. For example, intranets and networks are effective in increasing inherent capabilities to facilitate knowledge management. (Malhotra 1998)Business is experiencing transition from the era of competitive advantage to the era of knowledge creation. Earlier business was characterized by low levels of changes and innovations. However, â€Å"the new world of knowledge-based industries is distinguished by its emphasis on precognition and adaptation in contrast to the traditional emphasis on optimization based on pred iction†. (Malhotra 1998) The author argues that knowledge-based business world is characterized by re-definition and re-evaluation of organizational objectives, goals, and missions. Simply saying, the business re-shapes the way of arranging things.Business environment is motivated by radical changes and innovations which â€Å"overwhelm the traditional organizational response of predicting and reacting based on pre-programmed heuristics†. (Malhotra 1998) Modern business world requires anticipatory response, and demands flexibility and resurfacing of old assumptions. Modern world tends not play following predictable rules – instead, it tends to change these rules and to keep changing. As result, new types of organizations have emerged: business ecosystems and virtual corporations. (Malhotra 1998)The author offers his own definition of knowledge management for a new business world and stresses that new definition should go beyond quick and predictable views of many others. Instead, definition should move executives, managers and common employees to think strategically and critically about the purpose of knowledge management. Malhotra says that knowledge managements is critical to organizational adaptation and survival as it drives and monitors environmental changes.Knowledge management â€Å"embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies, and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings†. (Malhotra 1998) Nevertheless, one problem exists as there is confusion between the terms ‘knowledge’ and ‘information’. The author claims that these notions are distinct entities as information is generated by computer systems and human interpretation of actions, whereas knowledge is of subjective nature.Malhotra recommends business managers to realize that knowledge is imbedded in them and the process of knowledge acquiring i s social interactions. It is emphasized that knowledge creation depends solely on human beings as computers are only tools with information-gathering capabilities. New world of business is defined as wicked environment which requires interpretations of information and knowledge. (Malhotra 1998)One more positive moment in the article is that the author offers recommendations how to incorporate knowledge management in business activities. Firstly, it is necessary to refuse to control employees and their behaviors through setting predictable and pre-defined objectives and procedures. Instead, it would be better to create organization being capable of constructing diverse meanings. Secondly, the author recommends re-evaluating companies ideas how to arrange things and practices. Executive managers should consider dynamically changing business environment, as well as external and internal threats.   Thirdly, it is effective to invest in â€Å"multiple and diverse interpretations to en able constructive conflict mode of inquiry and, thus, lessen oversimplification of issues or premature decision closure†. (Malhotra 1998)Summing up, new business world offers new opportunities of success and knowledge plays crucial role in this process. New strategies are to encourage human imagination and creativity to promote internal diversity and to meet the needs and demands of the wicked environment.   Knowledge management makes companies and organizations re-think and re-evaluate their goals and practices, as well as use the power of knowledge in finding new ways of improving business performance. (Malhotra 1998)Works CitedMalhotra, Yogesh. 1998. Knowledge Management for the New World of Business. Available at http://www.brint.com/km/whatis.htm.   Accessed March 15, 2008.

The Lack Of Frets And The European Lute - 1829 Words

The Oud is a pear-shaped instrument predominantly used in the Middle East and the North African countries. The instrument is also characterized by the presence of the strings. The Oud is linked to the evolution of the modern Oud and the European lute. These two instruments are quite different, but they share a common ancestor. The only difference in between the two musical instruments is the fact that they evolved from the common ancestors using different diverging or evolution paths. The distinguishing feature of the Oud is the aspect of the lack of frets and the presence of a smaller neck. The old prototypes of the Oud are quite different from the modern types of the instruments. In the ancient Egypt, the instrument appeared to have a mixed variety of the long and short-necked Oud. (Mideast Web - Middle East Musical Instruments - The Oud)Though from a closer look and the analysis of the features of the modern and the old Oud, it is clearly evident that the ancient Egypt Oud appears to be much decorated. The name of the instrument is unique. The origin of the name has no positive affirmation that the name was borrowed or a certain source of the name Oud. Though it has been linked with two Arabic explanations. In Arabic, the al-oud refer to the plectrum made up of the wood used in the playing of the Oud. Also, the term also applied to the wooden soundboard that was quite distinctive from the other similar kind faced bodies. Furthermore, the name Oud can be of ArabicShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Evolution of the Modern Guitar1568 Words   |  7 Pagesguitar. The four course guitar was popular throughout the lute dominated Europe. It was a small bodied guitar and consisted of ten frets. Those frets were not the kind that of the fixed variety, but instead were movable since they were made out of gut and tied around the neck. The back of the instrument tended to be slightly rounded with a distinct ridge up the center like the hull of a boat. The achieved the feat of phasing out the lute, even if it was only temporarily, but soon its popularity started